Transnational couples, defined as partnerships involving individuals from different nationalities, have become increasingly common in our globalised world. Singapore, a vibrant and multicultural society, has witnessed a rising number of transnational couples in recent years. However, despite the advantages of cultural diversity and personal growth that these relationships bring, they also come with a host of challenges. This article explores the challenges that transnational couples face in Singapore, including nationality, employment, adjustment, language barriers, and housing stability.

NATIONALITY
Nationality plays a multifaceted and pivotal role in shaping the challenges that transnational couples encounter in Singapore. These challenges are primarily rooted in legal, bureaucratic, and societal dimensions, and they often dictate the couple’s access to various opportunities and resources within Singapore.

Legal Implications
One of the most pressing challenges that transnational couples face is navigating the complex legal landscape surrounding immigration, residency, and employment rights. Citizens and permanent residents may enjoy more favourable legal rights and benefits, while non-residents might face restrictions on employment, healthcare access, and length of stay^[1]. The legal disparities can lead to feelings of inequality and imbalance within the relationship.

Immigration & Residency
Non-resident partners may encounter difficulties obtaining long-term visas or residency permits, making it challenging for them to establish a stable life in Singapore. Lengthy bureaucratic processes, uncertainty about visa outcomes, and the potential for sudden changes in immigration policies can contribute to stress and emotional strain within the relationship^[2]. This uncertainty can hinder the couple’s ability to plan for their future together.

Social Benefits
Nationality can also impact access to social benefits, such as healthcare, education, and social assistance programmes. Partners from countries without reciprocal agreements with Singapore might find themselves ineligible for certain services, leading to potential gaps in their well-being and integration. The unequal distribution of social benefits based on nationality can also exacerbate feelings of exclusion and inequality within the relationship^[3].

Financial Stability
The role of nationality extends to financial stability as well. Non-resident partners might face challenges in securing stable employment due to restrictions on work permits or limited recognition of foreign qualifications. This can impact the couple’s financial prospects and the overall quality of life they can afford in Singapore^[4].

Impact of Challenges
For foreign spouses who choose to move to Singapore to build a life with their chosen partner, the abovementioned issues may be common challenges that they would face. In the course of our work as marriage counsellors, we have come across cases of transnational marriages where the foreign spouse may be fully dependent on the Singaporean spouse for their legal status, financial support, and access to essential resources and/or services.

In such cases, the foreign spouse would report that they feel trapped while trying to assimilate into the larger society. On top of that, there are instances where they expressed that they are unable to pursue their own goals or interests as well, especially if they find blending into the society particularly difficult. On the other hand, the Singaporean spouse would present issues such as feeling pressured as they try to manage being depended on for another person’s living. More often than not, this results in them feeling resentful whenever they experience challenges, such as financial difficulties, arising from this role. Ultimately, this affects the relationship between them as they become more prone to conflict and may not be able to provide the appropriate support that they need from each other.

Employment
Employment is a crucial aspect for transnational couples as it influences their financial stability and overall integration into Singapore’s society. The complexities surrounding employment encompass not only securing job opportunities, but also dealing with work permits, skills recognition, and the impact of employment on integration.

Work Permit Regulations
Transnational couples often encounter challenges related to work permit regulations, which can vary based on the partner’s nationality and qualifications. The process of obtaining work permits can be convoluted, time-consuming, and subject to changing policies. Partners who arrive in Singapore with the intention of working might find themselves in a bureaucratic maze, leading to frustration and disillusionment^[5].

Skills Recognition
Even when partners manage to secure employment, their foreign qualifications might not be recognised in Singapore. This can lead to a mismatch between the partner’s skills and the job they hold. Lee and Rahman (2019) highlighted that transnational partners often experience downward occupational mobility where their qualifications and skills are not fully utilised.

Job Market Integration
Transnational couples may struggle to integrate into the local job market due to their unfamiliarity with industry practices, job search techniques, and networking opportunities. Partners from different cultural backgrounds might face difficulties in navigating Singapore’s job market, which could result in prolonged periods of unemployment^[6].

Impact on Relationship Dynamics
Employment challenges can significantly impact the dynamics of the transnational couple’s relationship. A partner who is unable to find suitable employment might experience feelings of inadequacy or dependency, leading to emotional strain and tension within the relationship. Financial stress stemming from unemployment can further exacerbate these challenges^[7].

Dual-Career Couples
In cases where both partners aspire to pursue their own careers, the challenges multiply. The difficulties of securing suitable employment for both partners can impact decisions such as family planning, financial planning, and overall life satisfaction. Balancing the career aspirations of both partners while navigating the intricacies of the job market can be a considerable challenge^[8].

Adjustment
Adjustment is a multifaceted challenge that transnational couples encounter when moving to Singapore. This process involves adapting to a new cultural environment, social norms, and way of life. The challenges associated with adjustment can impact various aspects of a couple’s life, from individual well-being to relationship dynamics.

Cultural Adaptation
Transnational partners often face cultural differences that require them to adapt their behaviours, communication styles, and expectations. Adjusting to a new cultural context can be particularly challenging when partners come from backgrounds with starkly different cultural norms^[9]. This includes aspects such as food habits, communication styles, social norms, religious practices, and even basic etiquette. Tan and Quek (2018) highlights the need for open communication and cultural sensitivity to navigate these challenges effectively.

Identity and Belonging
The process of adjusting to a new cultural environment can lead to a reevaluation of one’s own identity and sense of belonging. Transnational partners might experience a sense of being “in-between” cultures, struggling to fully identify with either their home culture or the host culture. This identity struggle can lead to feelings of displacement and uncertainty^[10].

Interpersonal Dynamics
Cultural differences can give rise to misunderstandings and conflicts in interpersonal relationships. Different communication styles, norms of emotional expression, and expectations of personal space can contribute to tensions between partners. The adjustment process requires both partners to develop cross-cultural communication skills and cultivate empathy to navigate these challenges^[11].

Dual Cultural Identities
Transnational couples often find themselves raising children with dual cultural identities. The challenge lies in ensuring that both partners’ cultural values and traditions are respected and integrated into the family dynamic. The couple must navigate complex decisions related to language use, religious upbringing, and cultural practices within the household^[12].

Social Integration
The absence of friends and family from their home countries may lead to feelings of isolation, especially during significant life events such as childbirth or illness. Many transnational couples report feelings of loneliness, which can negatively impact their mental well-being and relationship satisfaction^[13]. Additionally, the transnational partner might face challenges in building social connections, forming friendships, and finding a support network. The lack of familiarity with local social norms and venues for social interaction can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness^[14].

A CASE STUDY
Consider a scenario of a Malay groom-to-be from Malaysia and a Malay bride-to-be from Singapore who attended the Marriage Preparation Programme before their big day. The groom-to-be, influenced by his religious and cultural heritage, firmly believes in the traditional notion that he is the head of the household after marriage. Hence, this role comes with certain expectations, such as the belief that his wife should obey him. On the other hand, the bride-to-be has been raised in a different environment, having been brought up by a single mother. Therefore, her upbringing has instilled in her a sense of independence and self-reliance, shaping her perspective on gender roles and marital expectations in a manner distinct from her partner’s. Their differences became evident during the counselling session, especially when they attempted to discuss topics associated with roles and responsibilities. This included the distribution of responsibility when it comes to household chores and parenting.

It was safe to assume that during this process, the groom-to-be may feel that his cultural identity and beliefs are being undermined, while the bride-to-be may struggle to conform to a model of marriage that she finds oppressive. There was also an assumption that it becomes especially challenging when the transnational couple comes from the same ethnic group, with almost similar religious and cultural beliefs, but have different upbringings.

LANGUAGE BARRIERS
Language barriers can present a significant hurdle for effective communication and integration into the local community. While English is widely spoken in Singapore, it might not be the first language for all transnational partners. English-speaking individuals may have an advantage in adjusting to the new environment, while those who struggle with the language might face difficulties in accessing essential services and social interactions^[15].

Access to Services
Language barriers can impede access to essential services, such as healthcare, legal assistance, and government agencies. Partners who are not proficient in the official languages of Singapore might face difficulties in understanding and navigating bureaucratic processes. This can lead to feelings of helplessness and exclusion, impacting their overall well-being^[16].

Social Integration
Language proficiency also affects the couple’s ability to integrate into the local community. Partners who are unable to communicate fluently in English, the predominant language in Singapore, might find it challenging to form friendships and participate in social activities. This isolation can contribute to feelings of loneliness and cultural disconnection^[17].

Career Opportunities
Language barriers can significantly impact career opportunities, particularly in a multicultural and multilingual city like Singapore. Non-native speakers might face limitations in certain job sectors that prioritise language skills, hindering their professional growth and financial stability^[18].

Education of Children
For couples with children, language barriers can influence decisions about their education. The choice between teaching children their parent’s native language or the dominant local language becomes crucial. The lack of proficiency in the local language might limit educational options and impact the child’s overall language development^[19].

A CASE STUDY
Another perspective of language barrier would be that it goes beyond understanding each other based on the chosen language used to communicate. It should ideally be a familiar and comfortable interaction system that includes elements such as tones, intonations, body language, and cultural context. There are instances in a transnational marriage where these subtleties often become significant sources of misunderstanding, as the couple may interpret the same message differently due to their cultural backgrounds.

To further illustrate this point, consider the scenario of an Indian national Muslim man who is married to a Singaporean Indian Muslim woman. The wife, who is outspoken and tends to raise her voice when making a point, may use this familiar communication style as a matter of cultural norm or personal expression, without necessarily indicating unhappiness or anger. However, her husband, interpreting her tone and raised voice through his own cultural lens, may perceive her actions as signs of frustration or discontent. In such situations, a slight difference in communication style can inadvertently lead to misinterpretation and conflict within the relationship.

Given the importance of communication within a marriage, the consequences of such misunderstandings can be quite detrimental, considering that it could lead to unnecessary arguments frequently. Hence, repeated misinterpretations of tone and intent can build up over time, potentially harming the overall quality of the relationship by creating an emotional distance between partners.

DIFFICULTIES IN SECURING STABLE HOUSING
Securing stable housing is another significant challenge that transnational couples face in Singapore. The availability and affordability of suitable accommodation can be impacted by factors such as legal restrictions, financial constraints, and discrimination. The search for appropriate housing might also entail navigating unfamiliar rental markets, understanding lease agreements, and complying with local regulations. Tan and Wong (2019) suggest that housing instability can contribute to relationship strain, as partners might struggle with feelings of vulnerability and a lack of control over their living situation.

Legal Restrictions
Housing challenges often stem from legal restrictions and policies that prioritise citizens and permanent residents. Housing policies might favour citizens or permanent residents over non-residents, making it challenging for transnational partners to find adequate and stable living arrangements^[20]. These legal barriers can create disparities in access to suitable and affordable housing options^[21].

Affordability
Housing costs in Singapore are notoriously high, and transnational couples might face difficulties in finding affordable accommodation that meets their needs. Depending on their financial circumstances, they might have to compromise on the size, location, or quality of housing, potentially impacting their overall quality of life^[22].

Racial Discrimination
In some cases, transnational couples might face discrimination or bias from landlords or neighbours due to their race or nationality. This can result in difficulties securing housing or feeling unwelcome in the community. Such experiences can impact their sense of belonging and emotional well-being^[23].

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, transnational couples in Singapore encounter a range of challenges stemming from nationality, employment, adjustment, language barriers, and housing stability. These challenges can impact the emotional well-being of individuals and the overall stability of the relationship. Addressing these issues requires a combination of legal reforms, support services, and cultural sensitivity education. Transnational couples play a valuable role in promoting cross-cultural understanding, but acknowledging and mitigating the challenges they face is essential for their successful integration into our society.

1 Tan, S. K. (2018). Transnational love: The effects of foreign spouses on integrating foreigners in Singapore. Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 17(2), 206-227.
2 Lee, C., & Rahman, M. M. (2019). Labor migration and social integration: Transnational couples in Singapore. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(1), 115-133.
3 Chua, R. Y. J. (2018). Ethnic identity and intercultural communication in multicultural societies: Insights from Singapore. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(8), 934-942.
4 Tan, S. K., & Quek, S. S. (2018). Cultural differences and intercultural relationships in Singapore. In Intercultural Relationships in a Globalized World (pp. 79-98). Palgrave Macmillan.
5 Lee, C., & Rahman, M. M. (2019). Labor migration and social integration: Transnational couples in Singapore. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(1), 115-133.
6 Chin, C. M., & Heng, S. (2021). Housing migrants: The impact of migration and housing policies on migrants in Singapore. Habitat International, 118.
7 Tan, K. H., & Wong, D. F. K. (2019). Managing transnational ties in transnational families: Housing challenges and coping strategies. Geoforum, 101, 70-79.
8 Lee, C., & Rahman, M. M. (2019). Labor migration and social integration: Transnational couples in Singapore. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(1), 115-133.
9 Chua, R. Y. J. (2018). Ethnic identity and intercultural communication in multicultural societies: Insights from Singapore. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(8), 934-942.

Nur Amira Jumali is a counsellor with the Marriage Hub of AMP Singapore. She has 5 years of counselling experience working with couples and possesses a Master of Counselling. She is also a recipient of the Esther Tan Bronze Award.

Ezzat Md Mustasar is a counsellor with the Marriage Hub of AMP Singapore. He has 4 years of counselling experience working with couples and possesses a Master of Counselling. He is also a recipient of the Anthony Yeo Memorial Bronze Award.